Origin and development of English language

Introduction :

      It is rightly said that,"English is the easiest language to speak badly but the most difficult to use well " there is no doubt about the fact that English language has been able to occupy an important place among language of the world. It is needless to say that English is an international medium for the expression of thoughts and feelings. It has almost became a part and parcel of the accomplishments of learned mind. 

Length landmarks in the history of English language :

 

The latin words are human, animal, dental,decimal,digital,factory etc.. 

French words beef, pork, veal, continue, liberty, journey ,people, very  etc..

The history of English is divided into three main periods :

1) The old English period (450 to 1066)

2) The middle English period (1066 to 1500)

3) The early modern English period 

The old English period :

The period existed from about the close of the 7th century to about 11th by which time the effects of the normal conquest began to be perceptible in the language. This period is also know as Anglo-Saxon period. 

* The chief characteristics of the language of this period are mentioned as following :

1 )fully inflexion system with three or four Case ending for its noun and objective. 

2) No silent syllables in the spoken language. 

The middle English period :

This period marks the Norman conquest and can be sub-divided into two periods that is from A. D. 1100 to 1450 and from 1450-1500 which is the transitional period for the birth of the English language.The Norman French language belonged to the different family and hence it had four more foreign ways than the language of the Germans family.

The following are the chief features:

1) Inflexions were reduced. 

2) The word order because less free. 

3) confusion in spelling. 

The modern English period :

This period is called as new English period also after the example of German scholars. In this period also we have a subdivision and it is from 1500-1700 and there after which are respectively called as the early and later modern English period. 

This period has the following characteristics :

1) loss of the inflexions.

2) fixed word order.

3) The complete transformation in the pronunciation of its vowels. 

Conclusion :

Global variation among different English dialects and accents remains significant today. Scots, a form of English traditionally spoken in parts of Scotland and the north of Ireland, is sometimes treated as a separate language.

So we have two impulses at work that are seemingly incompatible, or perhaps even in conflict, and the question we are faced with is how to render them as consistent, as both being part of the existence of a single entity we call ‘English’. This is one of the central issues in English language studies today – and it’s a very modern issue because it has come about as a direct result of the unprecedented position that English now occupies in the world: as a language with global scope which is implicated in the history and present-day existence of societies all around the world.

  

Name : Barariya Kinjal m. 

TYBA ENGLISH 

ROLL no .  02 

Paper no. 13

Characteristics of Greek tragedy and defferent from Elizabethan English tragedy

Introduction :

         The elements of Greek tragedy. A tragedy is a drama which, according to Aristotle, depicts the downfall of a basically good person through some fatel error or misjudgment, producing suffering and insight on the part of the protagonist and arousing pity and fear on the part of the audience. 

   Main element and features of Greek tragedy :

          (1)  The character has to be good and relatable but is someone whom makes mistakes, this is in contrast to include nobles and authority figures in the play; people who are not the average person. 

           (2) majority of the plays consist of someone dying. This usually results from a flaw in the character or as a result of the characters action. 

          (3) Tragic and unexplained deaths .

        (4) powerful matriarchs 

         (5) many characters are about to die /think they're about to die address the sun. The sun is a strong metaphor for death. 

        (6) some characters are held in the past with it usually expressed by their dialogue. 

     The Greek tragedy :

     1. Tragic hero : at the center of the main character or protagonist. 

 2. tragic flaw:  an error in judgement or a weakness in character such as pride or arrogance. 

3. Catastrophe : A tragedy ends with a catastrophe. 

4. Chorus :  throughout a tragedy a chorus a mass group of actors, observe and comment on the action through song. 

5. Fate : The ancient Greeks believed that idea of fate or destiny preordained by the gods on matter what actions a person takes in the present. 

   How it is different  from Elizabethan English tragedy :

     Introduction  :

          A distinctly English from of tragedy begin with the Elizabethan. The translation of senseca and the reading of Aristotles poetics were major influences. However it was romantic tragedy which Shakespeare wrote .

  Different :   whereas the plots of Greek tragedy and Shakespearean tragedys can be fairly similar, consideration of the actors and stagin will yield some of the main differences .

 - Greek tragic actors wrote masks that covered their entire faces,  whereas Shakespeare play did not. 

- Greek tragedy also had a smaller humor of actors who spoke in a single scene than in Shakespeare's play. 

 -  The theaters themselves were also different. How much of a stage was present in ancient Greek is a matter of debate. 

 - This is not the case in Shakespearean theaters. Also, Greek plays were always staged outdoors and during the day. 

 - Again, Shakespearean tragedies could be performed in indoor theaters. 

 - we should also note that Greek tragedy were performed as part of religious festival devoted to the God Dionysus. 

- Shakespearean tragedies do not have this religious alignment. 

Conclusion :

        For the ancient Greek, honoring the gods via the plays plot was extremely important. For a human being to think that he can escape the fate good have laid out for him or that he can avoid a prophecy delivered by one of Apollo's oracles is he ultimate in hubris .

  For Shakespeare's audience however, such a focus would be much less palatable. His audience wanted to feel like 

  Name : Kinjal Barariya 
 Roll. No: 04 
 Subject : English