Barariya kinjal m

 Introduction : 

        S T Coleridge 21 October 1772 – 25 July 1834) was an English poet, literary critic, philosopher and theologian who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of

the Lake Poets. He also shared volumes and collaborated with Charles Lamb, Robert Southey, and Charles Lloyd. He wrote the poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan, as well as the major prose work Biographia Literaria. His critical work, especially on William Shakespeare, was highly influential, and he helped introduce German idealist philosophy to English-speaking culture. Coleridge coined many familiar words and phrases, including suspension of disbelief. He had a major influence on Ralph Waldo Emerson and on American transcendentalism.

Coleridge's Definition of poem :  

          A poem contains the same elements as a prose composition; the difference, therefore, must consist in a different combination of them, in consequence of a different object proposed. The mere addition of meter does not in itself entitle a work to the name of poem, for nothing can permanently please which does not contain in itself the reason why it is so and not otherwise. Our definition of a poem may be thus worded. “A poem is that species of composition which is opposed to works of science, by proposing for its immediate object pleasure, not truth; and from all other species (having this object in common with it) it is discriminated by proposing to itself such delight from the whole as is compatible with a distinct gratification from each component part.”

Difference between poem and poetry :  

  Coleridge distinguishes a poem from in his 'Biographia Literaria' by saying that poetry is a wider than a poem poetry is an activity of poet's min but a poem is merely one of the form of expression. Poetic creativity is basically an activity of imagination he identifies imagination with the soul of poetry. His comments on poem and poetry are artistic, philosophical and psychological.At first it is necessary to know how Coleridge distinguishes a poem from prose composition. Coleridge says that a poem contains the elements as a prose composition. Both of them use words so there is no difference between a poem and a prose composition, in this respect Coleridge says-“ a poem contains the same elements as a prose composition” but one difference is to be noticed here that metre or rhyme both is used in the poem and they are not used in prose composition.In this, the lowest sense, one might attribute the name of a poem to the well-known enumeration of the days in the several months;

Thirty days hath September,
April, June, and November, &c.

Thus, to Coleridge, mere super addition of meter or rhyme does not make a poem.

 Different between poetry and science : 

   

     "A poem is that species of composition which is opposed to works of science, by proposing for its immediate object pleasure, not truth; and from all other species (having this object in common with it) it is discriminated by proposing to itself such delight from the whole as is compatible with a distinct gratification from each component part.”

     For, in a legitimate poem, the parts must mutually support and explain each other; all in their proportion harmonizing with, and supporting the purpose and known influences of, metrical arrangement.

   Theory of imagination : 

   According to Coleridge there are Two kind of imagination : 

1. Primary imagination 

 2.Secondary imagination                       (Esemplastic) 

Primary Imagination: (Living power and prime agent of all human perception). Coleridge asserts that the mind is active in perception. This activity which is subconscious and is the common birth right of all men, is the work of the Primary Imagination, which may be defined as the inborn power of perceiving that makes it possible for us to know things. The Primary Imagination is a repetition in the finite mind of the eternal art of creation in the infinite I AM. The power of perception, Coleridge called as Primary Imagination whereas the poetic imagination as the Secondary Imagination. It differs from the Primary Imagination in degree, but not in kind. While all men possess the Pprimary, only some men possess the heightened degree of the universally human power to which the poet lays claim. 

Secondary Imagination: (Echo of the Primary Imagination) differs in two important respects from Primary Imagination. First, Primary Imagination is subconscious, while Secondary Imagination coexists "with the conscious will" and involves, therefore, elements of conscious and subconscious activity. Poetic "making" blends conscious selection with subconscious infusion, some elements are intentionally chosen while others are mysteriously given or supplied from the deepness of the poet's subconscious mind. Second, the secondary Imagination is described as a power that "dissolves, diffuses, dissipates, in order to recreate." It dissolves and then reintegrates the components in a new way that draws attention to their coalescence. Secondary Imagination bridges the gap between the world of spirit and matter; it fuses perception, intellect, feeling, passions and memory. It struggles to idealize and unify. 

Fancy: On the other hand, is distinguished from Imagination (both primary and secondary) because it is not poetic. It differs from Imagination in kind. Fancy is merely aggregative and associative; 

Process :

     The process take place on the mind of poet which is 3d .

•  Diffuses 
• Dissipates
• Dissolves 

Conclusion :

   To conclude, metre is essential to a poem to make it different from a prose piece, to heighten the effect, to enliven pleasure and to help us in memorizing a poem; metre also balances the spontaneous overflow of passion in the poet’s mind; metrical language better conveys excitement than prose. Since passion is the property of poetry, metre is organic to poetry. Then anything related to metre is actually related to the spirit of poetry. 

Kinjal. M

Edmund Spenser as a poet's poet

Introduction :

English essayist and poet Charles Lamb (1775 - 1834) named Edmund Spenser the "poet's poet" for his unique innovations in poetry. While scholars often begin English literature with Chaucer, Edmund Spenser advanced English poetry in a way that influenced and inspired later poets of various national identities. Arguably, were it not for Edmund Spenser, English literature would have remained national; however, Edmund Spenser's work elevated English poetry to world-class, significantly contributing towards the English Renaissance.

Eulogising Edmund Spenser Alexander pope writes :

" There is something in Spenser that pleases one as strongly 

In one's old age as it did in one's youth "

    

     

The knowledge of Ovid, horner,patrorch , ronsard ,Ariosto ,I'm Tasso, Plato and Aristotle is absolutely necessary for a person to appreciate and understand the works of Spenser. One who really wants to enjoy Spenser requires a thorough knowledge of :

* The pastoral tradition of Virgil. 

* The romantic and moral tradition of Tasso and Ariosto. 

* The philosophical tradition of Plato and Aristotle .

Edumund Spenser was (and is) called "the poet's poet" because of the very high quality of his poetry and because he enjoyed "the pure artistry of his craft" so much.  He is also called that because so many other poets thought that he was a great poet.

             Thus, Spenser's poetry is not common poetry. It is grounded above mentioned traditions of the great Greek writers past and present. 

      Spenser is considered "as the poet's poet " because he is set about to perform that great work for the glorification .

" The Spenserian stanza is ...... .Most purely 

English by nature and decent. "

It is stanza is nine line .This nine lines are Iambic pentameter. 

    Dr. Ben Johnson, one of the eminent critics of Spenserian time, rightly called as the skillful representative of poetry, denigrated almost works of every poet. Nevertheless, the surge of popularity that Spenser brought in through his style of authoring rose, thus enabling Dr. Ben Johnson to positively appreciate the entities of Spenserian manner and matter. Surrounded by a lot of critics though, Spenser was always the zenith of renaissance poetry.

Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene in particular earned his ongoing status as the "poet's poet". Prior to Charles Lamb coining the phrase "poet's poet," Edmund Spenser's contemporary Walter Raleigh poetically praised The Faerie Queene for being the most valuable work in the English language. In Camille Paglia's Sexual Personae, an entire chapter is dedicated to Edmund Spenser's epic poem and its singular importance to all of Western art and literature.

Conclusion :

Thus, Spenser was indeed the poet of the great poet's. He exercised mavetious influences on a host of poet's in the 17th, 18th, and 19th century. He coached more poet's than any other writer of English language .It is a known fact that Milton became a much greater poet after reading " The fairie Queene ." poet's like lodge and Drayden paid their tribute to the new master and called him ,

" learned,  revered and excellent ".

  Wordsworth find Spenser as the ernbodiraent of nobility, purity and sweetness. He wrote for Spenser, 

   

" The gentle bard,

Sweet Spenser moving through his plouded heaven, 

With the beauty and moons soft pace 

I called him brother, Englishman and friend.

     Name : Barariya Kinjal m 

TYBA English literature 

Roll no : 02 

Origin and development of English language

Introduction :

      It is rightly said that,"English is the easiest language to speak badly but the most difficult to use well " there is no doubt about the fact that English language has been able to occupy an important place among language of the world. It is needless to say that English is an international medium for the expression of thoughts and feelings. It has almost became a part and parcel of the accomplishments of learned mind. 

Length landmarks in the history of English language :

 

The latin words are human, animal, dental,decimal,digital,factory etc.. 

French words beef, pork, veal, continue, liberty, journey ,people, very  etc..

The history of English is divided into three main periods :

1) The old English period (450 to 1066)

2) The middle English period (1066 to 1500)

3) The early modern English period 

The old English period :

The period existed from about the close of the 7th century to about 11th by which time the effects of the normal conquest began to be perceptible in the language. This period is also know as Anglo-Saxon period. 

* The chief characteristics of the language of this period are mentioned as following :

1 )fully inflexion system with three or four Case ending for its noun and objective. 

2) No silent syllables in the spoken language. 

The middle English period :

This period marks the Norman conquest and can be sub-divided into two periods that is from A. D. 1100 to 1450 and from 1450-1500 which is the transitional period for the birth of the English language.The Norman French language belonged to the different family and hence it had four more foreign ways than the language of the Germans family.

The following are the chief features:

1) Inflexions were reduced. 

2) The word order because less free. 

3) confusion in spelling. 

The modern English period :

This period is called as new English period also after the example of German scholars. In this period also we have a subdivision and it is from 1500-1700 and there after which are respectively called as the early and later modern English period. 

This period has the following characteristics :

1) loss of the inflexions.

2) fixed word order.

3) The complete transformation in the pronunciation of its vowels. 

Conclusion :

Global variation among different English dialects and accents remains significant today. Scots, a form of English traditionally spoken in parts of Scotland and the north of Ireland, is sometimes treated as a separate language.

So we have two impulses at work that are seemingly incompatible, or perhaps even in conflict, and the question we are faced with is how to render them as consistent, as both being part of the existence of a single entity we call ‘English’. This is one of the central issues in English language studies today – and it’s a very modern issue because it has come about as a direct result of the unprecedented position that English now occupies in the world: as a language with global scope which is implicated in the history and present-day existence of societies all around the world.

  

Name : Barariya Kinjal m. 

TYBA ENGLISH 

ROLL no .  02 

Paper no. 13

Characteristics of Greek tragedy and defferent from Elizabethan English tragedy

Introduction :

         The elements of Greek tragedy. A tragedy is a drama which, according to Aristotle, depicts the downfall of a basically good person through some fatel error or misjudgment, producing suffering and insight on the part of the protagonist and arousing pity and fear on the part of the audience. 

   Main element and features of Greek tragedy :

          (1)  The character has to be good and relatable but is someone whom makes mistakes, this is in contrast to include nobles and authority figures in the play; people who are not the average person. 

           (2) majority of the plays consist of someone dying. This usually results from a flaw in the character or as a result of the characters action. 

          (3) Tragic and unexplained deaths .

        (4) powerful matriarchs 

         (5) many characters are about to die /think they're about to die address the sun. The sun is a strong metaphor for death. 

        (6) some characters are held in the past with it usually expressed by their dialogue. 

     The Greek tragedy :

     1. Tragic hero : at the center of the main character or protagonist. 

 2. tragic flaw:  an error in judgement or a weakness in character such as pride or arrogance. 

3. Catastrophe : A tragedy ends with a catastrophe. 

4. Chorus :  throughout a tragedy a chorus a mass group of actors, observe and comment on the action through song. 

5. Fate : The ancient Greeks believed that idea of fate or destiny preordained by the gods on matter what actions a person takes in the present. 

   How it is different  from Elizabethan English tragedy :

     Introduction  :

          A distinctly English from of tragedy begin with the Elizabethan. The translation of senseca and the reading of Aristotles poetics were major influences. However it was romantic tragedy which Shakespeare wrote .

  Different :   whereas the plots of Greek tragedy and Shakespearean tragedys can be fairly similar, consideration of the actors and stagin will yield some of the main differences .

 - Greek tragic actors wrote masks that covered their entire faces,  whereas Shakespeare play did not. 

- Greek tragedy also had a smaller humor of actors who spoke in a single scene than in Shakespeare's play. 

 -  The theaters themselves were also different. How much of a stage was present in ancient Greek is a matter of debate. 

 - This is not the case in Shakespearean theaters. Also, Greek plays were always staged outdoors and during the day. 

 - Again, Shakespearean tragedies could be performed in indoor theaters. 

 - we should also note that Greek tragedy were performed as part of religious festival devoted to the God Dionysus. 

- Shakespearean tragedies do not have this religious alignment. 

Conclusion :

        For the ancient Greek, honoring the gods via the plays plot was extremely important. For a human being to think that he can escape the fate good have laid out for him or that he can avoid a prophecy delivered by one of Apollo's oracles is he ultimate in hubris .

  For Shakespeare's audience however, such a focus would be much less palatable. His audience wanted to feel like 

  Name : Kinjal Barariya 
 Roll. No: 04 
 Subject : English